Project “Heroes of the Days” military glory"as an integrative didactic means of cognitive-speech and patriotic education of older children preschool age.
Type of project: information-practice-oriented.
Project duration: long-term.
Project participants: children of senior preschool age, teachers, parents of pupils, kindergarten specialists.
Educational areas covered (EA): Cognitive development, Speech development, Physical development, Social and communicative development, Artistic development aesthetic development.
Relevance of the topic: program requirements for the organization of social and personal development of preschoolers are subordinated to the solution of the following tasks: to form citizenship, patriotic feelings (to expand children’s ideas about their native country, about public holidays); continue to expand ideas about the Russian army, about the difficult and honorable duty to defend the Motherland; to cultivate respect for the defenders of the Fatherland, for the memory of fallen soldiers.
In this regard, one of the priority areas of activity of the teaching staff preschool Patriotic education of children was chosen, within the framework of which work was organized to create the project “Heroes of the Days of Military Glory.”
On February 10, 1995, the State Duma adopted the federal law“On the days of military glory and memorable dates in Russia.” Why did the days become memorable? They were glorified by the heroes of Russia at different times. Children should know about these heroes and their exploits.
Work on the project is carried out together with parents in order to involve them in their joint activities with their children. Education of morality in the younger generation is possible through the examples of the exploits of our compatriots.
The goal of the project: to cultivate love for the Motherland, native land, the desire to be a defender of the land on which he was born and raised, to evoke a feeling of pride in compatriots who influenced the course of history, who served the Motherland, to develop interest in collective, playful, productive, creative cognitive and research activities, as well as reading.
Project objectives:
- to form gender, family, civic affiliation, patriotic feelings, a sense of belonging to the world community; to unite the child’s family with common interests in one cause (NGO “Social-communicative”);
- form a perception of a holistic picture of the world, broaden the horizons of children; introduce the names of Russian heroes and their exploits; give an idea of weapons and military uniforms of different times (OO “Cognitive”);
- develop free communication with adults and children, all components of children’s oral speech in various forms and types of children’s activities (NGO “Speech”)
- introduce to verbal art, develop artistic perception and aesthetic taste, introduce literary works related to the theme of the project (NGO “Artistic and Aesthetic”);
- develop children’s productive activities and children's creativity; introduce works of art related to the theme of the project (NGO “Artistic and Aesthetic Development”);
- form initial ideas about healthy life (NGO “Health”);
- to form pupils’ needs for motor activity and physical improvement (NGO “Physical Development”).
Project content:
1. A series of events on the theme “November 4 - National Unity Day”.
2. A series of events on the topic “December 5 - Day of the start of the counter-offensive of Soviet troops near Moscow (1941).”
3. The final event for February 23, Defender of the Fatherland Day, is “Heroic Competitions”.
4. Final event: “Victory Festival”.
The expected result in the education of integrative qualities: children are inquisitive, active, interested in new things, unknown in the history of the Fatherland, ask questions to adults, show more independence in various types children's activities; in cases of difficulty, turn to an adult.
Project activity product:
“The Joyful Return of the Russian Army” is a collective artistic sculpture.
“Our bells” are bells made using the testoplasty technique.
Children's drawings “Portrait of a Hero.”
Multimedia presentation “Innovative forms of working with families.”
System web of the project
Familiarization with the works visual arts: painting, musical masterpieces
Interactions with the families of pupils: meetings, joint events, trips to the museum, modeling of the Russian army, making a collage, business game.
Productive activities: modeling, drawing, designing and manual labor
Project
"Heroes of the days of military glory"
Game activities: competition games, role-playing games, physical education
Physical education: physical education in class, active role-playing games during walks
Reading fiction, acquaintance with fiction based on the content of the project
Project structure
Cycle number Educational areas Cycle topic Cycle content
1. OO: “Cognitive development.” “Speech development.” "Social - communicative." November 4 - Day of National Unity Conversation "Minin and Pozharsky - defenders of the Russian land."
Learning the poem by S. Vasiliev “Russia”
2. OO: “Cognitive development”, “Social and communicative development” “Artistic and aesthetic development” December 5 - The day of the start of the counter-offensive of Soviet troops near Moscow (1941) Drawing “Thank you to grandfather for the victory”
3. OO: “Cognitive development”.
“Social and communicative development”,
“Artistic and aesthetic development”, “Physical development” Heroes of Russia Drawing “Portrait of a hero”. Game-discussion with parents “Choose a distance”
4. OO: “Speech development”, “Social and communicative development”, “Physical development”, February 23 - Defender of the Fatherland Day Physical education with parents “Hero competitions”
5. “Cognitive development”, “Speech development”, “Social and communicative development”, “Artistic and aesthetic development”, “Physical development” Final event “Victory Holiday” Matinee dedicated to Victory Day with the participation of children and adults. (presentation demonstration )
STAGES OF WORK ON THE PROJECT
Stages Direct organized educational activities children, educational activities carried out during regime moments Tasks Implementation period Interaction with families of pupils, independent activities of children Place and time of implementation
1 2 3 4 5 6
Stage 1 Parent meeting Introduce parents to the problem. Introduce the project implementation plan, demonstrate available material, and recommendations for working at home. Distribute those responsible for carrying out project activities. 3rd week of September Participation in the meeting, collecting material on the content of the project, including work at home, individually with your child, in the implementation of the project. Music hall, evening time
Stage 2 National Unity Day.
1. Educational lesson “Minin and Pozharsky - defenders of the Russian land.”
2. Testoplasty “Bell”.
3. Learning the poem “Russia” by S. Vasiliev.
4. Reading poems about Russia Continue to introduce children to the history of our Motherland based on specific historical events and personalities; awaken interest in the life of ancestors. Give the idea that, despite the difficulties
military service, Russian soldiers showed ingenuity.
had a sense of humor and were not discouraged; they were inspired by their love for their homeland. 1st week
November Design of the album “Bells”. Joint productive activities
on the sculpting of the bell, its painting. Reading poems about Russia, learning proverbs, talking about love for the Motherland Music Hall.
Stage 3 Heroes of Russia Organize a meeting between children and combatants. Give an idea of the times of occupation by fascist troops. December. Accompaniment of parents, participation in the event Music Hall
Stage 4 “Hero competitions” Hold team sports competitions. To instill in children the desire to be defenders of their native land, strong, dexterous, and brave. To unite families, teach how to be a team and achieve common success for the Day
defender
Fatherland Teams of fathers and sons Music Hall
Stage 5
The final event “Victory Festival”. Continue to instill patriotic feelings in children: love, pride and respect for the Motherland, enrich spiritual world children through an appeal to the heroic past of our country For Victory Day Children and adults Music hall
WORK PLAN FOR PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
Completed by: 8th grade students of the Puzsko-Slobodskaya secondary school Project leader: Tatyana Mikhailovna Vakhlyaeva Days of military glory of Russia
On February 10, 1995, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted the law “On the days of military glory (victory days) of Russia,” which was signed by the President of the Russian Federation on March 13 of the same year.
April 18 - Victory Day of the Russian soldiers of Prince Alexander Nevsky over the German knights on Lake Peipsi (Battle of the Ice, 1242).
September 21 - Victory Day of the Russian regiments led by Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy over the Mongol-Tatar troops in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380).
November 7 - Day of the liberation of Moscow by the people's militia under the leadership of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky from Polish invaders (1612).
July 10 - Victory Day of the Russian army under the command of Peter the Great over the Swedes in the Battle of Poltava (1709).
August 9 - Day one in Russian history naval victory of the Russian fleet under the command of Peter the Great over the Swedes at Cape Gangut (1714).
December 24 - Day of the capture of the Turkish fortress of Izmail by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov (1790).
September 11 - Victory Day of the Russian squadron under the command of F. F. Ushakov over the Turkish squadron at Cape Tendra (1790).
September 8 - Day of the Borodino battle of the Russian army under the command of M.I. Kutuzov with the French army (1812).
December 1 - Victory Day of the Russian squadron under the command of P. S. Nakhimov over the Turkish squadron at Cape Sinop (1853).
February 23 - Day of the Red Army's victory over the Kaiser's troops of Germany (1918) - Day of Defenders of the Fatherland.
December 5 - The day of the start of the counter-offensive of Soviet troops against Nazi troops in the Battle of Moscow (1941).
February 2 - Day of the defeat of Nazi troops by Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad (1943).
August 23 - Day of the defeat of Nazi troops by Soviet troops in the Battle of Kursk (1943).
May 9 - Victory Day of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 (1945).
The main forms of perpetuating the memory of Russian soldiers who distinguished themselves in battles associated with the days of military glory of Russia are: perpetuating the days of military glory of Russia, organizing exhibitions, establishing memorial signs at places of military glory; preservation and development of territories historically associated with the exploits of Russian soldiers who distinguished themselves in battles associated with the days of military glory of Russia; publication in the media of materials related to the days of military glory of Russia; naming national heroes who distinguished themselves in battles associated with the days of military glory of Russia, settlements, streets and squares, physical and geographical objects, military units, ships and vessels.
PROJECT “HEROES OF MILITARY GLORY DAYS”
PROJECT PASSPORT
Project type: information-practice-oriented.
Project duration : long-term.
Project participants: children of senior preschool age, teachers, parents of pupils, kindergarten specialists.
Educational areas covered (ES): “Cognition”, “Communication”, “Reading fiction”, “Artistic creativity”, “Socialization”, “Physical education”, “Health”.
Relevance of the topic: program requirements for the organization of social and personal development of preschool children are subordinated to the solution of the following tasks: to form citizenship, patriotic feelings (to expand children’s ideas about their home country, about public holidays); continue to expand ideas about the Russian army, about the difficult and honorable duty to defend the Motherland; to cultivate respect for the defenders of the Fatherland, for the memory of fallen soldiers.
In this regard, patriotic education of children has been chosen as one of the priority areas of activity for the teaching staff of the preschool institution, within the framework of which work has been organized to create the “Heroes of the Days of Military Glory” project.
On February 10, 1995, the State Duma adopted the Federal Law “On Days of Military Glory and Memorable Dates in Russia.” Why did these days become memorable? They were glorified by the heroes of Russia at different times. Children should know about these heroes and their exploits.
Work on the project is carried out together with parents with the aim of involving them in joint activities with children. Education of morality in the younger generation is possible through the examples of the exploits of our compatriots.
Objective of the project: to cultivate love for the Motherland, native land, the desire to be a defender of the land on which one was born and raised, to evoke a feeling of pride in compatriots who influenced the course of history and served the Motherland; to develop interest in collective, playful, productive, creative, cognitive and research activities, as well as reading.
Project objectives:
To form gender, family, civic affiliation, patriotic feelings, a sense of belonging to the world community; unite the child’s family with common interests in one cause (00 “Socialization”);
Form a perception of a holistic picture of the world, broaden the horizons of children; introduce the names of Russian heroes and their exploits; give an idea of weapons and military uniforms of different times (PO Poznanie);
Develop free communication with adults and children, all components of children’s oral speech in various forms and types of children’s activities (NGO “Communication”);
Introduce verbal art, develop artistic perception and aesthetic taste, introduce literary works related to the theme of the project (00 “Reading fiction”);
Develop children's productive activities and children's creativity; introduce works of art related to the theme of the project (NGO " Artistic creativity»);
Form initial ideas about a healthy lifestyle (NGO “Health”);
To form in pupils the needs for motor activity and physical improvement (NGO “Physical Culture”).
System web of the project:
1. A series of events on the topic “Victory Day of the Russian regiments led by Grand Duke D. Donskoy over the Mongol-Tatar troops in the Battle of Kulikovo on September 21, 1380.”
3. A series of events on the theme “December 1 - Victory Day of the Russian squadron under the command of P. S. Nakhimov over the Turkish squadron at Cape Sinop (1853).”
4. A series of events on the topic “December 5 - Day of the start of the counter-offensive of Soviet troops near Moscow (1941).”
5. A series of events on the topic “December 24 - Day of the capture of the Turkish fortress of Izmail by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov (1790).”
6. The final event for February 23, Defender of the Fatherland Day, is “Hero competitions.”
The expected result in the education of integrative qualities: children are inquisitive, active, interested in new things, unknown in the history of the Fatherland, ask adults questions, show more independence in various types of children's activities, and in cases of difficulty turn to an adult.
Project activity product:
ü “The Army of Dmitry Donskoy” - collective artistic modeling.
ü “Our bells” - bells made using the dough-plastic technique.
ü Children's drawings “Portrait of a Hero”.
ü Collage “Russian squadron”.
ü Multimedia presentation “Innovative forms of working with families.”
State educational institution
Higher professional education
"Michurinsky State Pedagogical Institute"
Department of BJ and MBD
ABSTRACT
on the basics of state defense and military service
on the topic of:
"Days of military glory of Russia"
Performer: Strygin A.V.
4th year student
group No. 43
Faculty of Biology
Scientific adviser:
teacher
Kostrikin A.V.
Michurinsk 2011
Introduction
In all centuries, heroism, the courage of Russian soldiers, the power and glory of Russian weapons have been an integral part of the greatness of the Russian state. Reviving one of the best Russian military traditions, in 1995 the law “On the Days of Military Glory (Victory Days) of Russia” was adopted. The days of military glory of Russia are the days of glorious victories that played a decisive role in the history of Russia and in which Russian troops earned themselves the honor and respect of their contemporaries, and the grateful memory of their descendants. IN Russian Federation The following days of military glory of Russia are established: April 18 - Day of the victory of Russian soldiers of Prince Alexander Nevsky over the German knights on Lake Peipus (Battle of the Ice, 1242); September 21 - Victory Day of the Russian regiments led by Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy over the Mongol-Tatar troops in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380); November 7 - Day of the liberation of Moscow by the people's militia under the leadership of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky from Polish invaders (1612); July 10 - Victory Day of the Russian army under the command of Peter the Great over the Swedes in the Battle of Poltava (1709); August 9 - Day of the first naval victory in Russian history of the Russian flag under the command of Peter the Great over the Swedes at Cape Gangut (1714); December 24 - Day of the capture of the Turkish fortress of Izmail by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov (1790); September 11 - Victory Day of the Russian squadron under the command of F. F. Ushakov over the Turkish squadron at Cape Tendra (1790); September 8 - Day of the Borodino battle of the Russian army under the command of M.I. Kutuzov with the French army (1812); December 1 - Victory Day of the Russian squadron under the command of P. S. Nakhimov over the Turkish squadron at Cape Sinop (1853); February 23 - Victory Day of the Red Army over the Kaiser's troops of Germany (1918) - Day of Defenders of the Fatherland; December 5 - Day of the start of the counter-offensive of Soviet troops against Nazi troops in the Battle of Moscow (1941); February 2 - Day of the defeat of Nazi troops by Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad (1943); August 23 - Day of the defeat of Nazi troops by Soviet troops in the Battle of Kursk (1943); January 27 - Day of lifting the blockade of the city of Leningrad (1944); May 9 - Victory Day of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 (1945).
1. Battle on the ice. The situation in northwestern Rus' at the beginning of the 13th century was alarming. In July 1240, 100 Swedish ships with a landing force docked at the mouth of the Neva. The Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich with his squad and militia, having made a rapid transition, suddenly attacked the Swedes’ camp. In a hot battle, the 5,000-strong Swede camp was destroyed. For this brilliant victory, the people named the 20-year-old commander Alexander Nevsky. In the autumn of the same year, the knights of the German Livonian Order, who settled in the Baltic states, began their offensive. The German knights took advantage of the distraction of the Russian army to fight the Swedes. They captured Izborsk, Pskov and began to advance towards Novgorod. However, troops under the command of Alexander Nevsky launched a counter-offensive, stormed the Koporye fortress on the coast of the Gulf of Finland, and then liberated the stronghold of the knights - Pskov. The decisive battle that finally liberated Russian soil took place in April 1942 on the ice-bound Lake Peipsi. The enemy army lined up in a “pig” formation. The 23-year-old Russian commander positioned the Russian army in the following battle formation: in the center of the first line, in front of the “brow,” there was an advanced infantry regiment stretched along the front, the first ranks of which were archers, on the flanks there were reinforced infantry regiments of the right and left hands, behind them - cavalry divided into two parts. Behind the “chela,” Alexander placed his small but heavily armed cavalry squad. This formation made it possible not only to fend off a breakthrough from the center of one’s battle formation, but also to carry out a two-way envelopment with the aim of striking at the flanks and rear of the enemy, encircling and completely destroying the latter. The surrounded Germans, having ceased resistance, threw down their weapons and surrendered. For 7 km, right up to the opposite bank, the Russians drove the enemy. In panic, the knights fell on loose ice and drowned in the chilly water. This victory strengthened the morale of the Russian people and instilled hope in the success of the fight against foreign invaders. Alexander Nevsky was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.
2. Battle of Kulikovo. The Tatar-Mongol yoke brought terrible disasters to Russian soil. But in the second half of the 14th century. The collapse of the Golden Horde began, where one of the senior emirs, Mamai, became the de facto ruler. At the same time, in Rus' there was a process of formation of a strong centralized state through the unification of Russian lands under the rule of the Moscow principality. The strengthening of the Moscow principality alarmed Mamai. In 1378, he sent a strong army to Rus' under the command of Murza Begich. The army of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich of Moscow met the Horde on the Vozha River and completely defeated them. Mamai, having learned about Begich’s defeat, began to prepare for a big campaign against Rus'. He entered into an alliance with the Grand Duke of Lithuania Jagiello and the Ryazan Prince Oleg.Jagiello's army followed the Oka to join Mamai. The Russian campaign plan was to cross the Oka and move towards the enemy to the upper reaches of the Don, without waiting for Mamaia to join his allies on the Oka. Jagiello's troops, having learned about the large Russian army, quickly returned to Lithuania. The morning of September 8 was foggy. Until 11 o'clock, until the fog cleared, the troops stood ready for battle. At 12 o'clock the Mongols appeared on the Kulikovo field. The battle began with several small skirmishes of the advanced detachments, after which the famous duel between the Tatar Chelubey and the monk Alexander Peresvet took place. Personally, Dmitry Ivanovich fought in the front ranks of his troops. For three hours, Mamai's army (over 90 - 100 thousand people) unsuccessfully tried to break through the center and right wing of the Russian army (50 - 70 thousand people), which repelled the enemy's onslaught. Then he attacked the left flank with all his might and began to push back the Russian soldiers. Mamai brought his entire reserve into the planned breakthrough. And at that moment the Ambush Regiment struck the rear of the enemy’s cavalry that had broken through. The enemy could not withstand the unexpected blow and began to retreat, and then fled. Russian squads pursued him for 30 - 40 km. Mamai's army was completely defeated. The Battle of Kulikovo Field seriously undermined the military power of the Golden Horde and accelerated its subsequent collapse. It contributed to the further growth and strengthening of the Russian unified state and raised the role of Moscow as a center of unification.
3. Liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders. Difficult trials befell Rus' at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries. The country was torn apart by boyar conspiracies and intrigues. Due to crop failure in 1601-1603. there was a terrible famine. The period of unrest and chaos lasted 15 years, from January 1598 (when the last Rurikovich, the son of Ivan the Terrible, Fedor, died), to January 1613 (when the Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Romanov as Tsar). In their insidious plans, the Polish lords used adventurers - impostors False Dmitry I (1605) and False Dmitry II (1608). After their failures, open Polish intervention began. Under the leadership of King Sigismund III, the Poles crossed the Russian border and in September 1609 besieged Smolensk. On the night of September 21, 1610, the boyar government allowed Polish troops into the capital - the boyars actually transferred state power to the enemy. This betrayal cost Moscow and Russia dearly. Fires and violence started. The threat of losing Russia's national independence caused deep concern in patriotic circles of the nobility and other classes, and the entire population. In September 1611, the formation of a militia began in Nizhny Novgorod, which played a decisive role in the liberation of Moscow from the Poles. It consisted of detachments of nobles, townspeople, peasants of the central and northern regions of Russia, people of all nationalities of the Volga region. The townspeople nominated Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky as the leader of the militia. Together with him, the organizer and leader of the militia was Kuzma Minin, who came from the Nizhny Novgorod townspeople. In August 1612, militia detachments defeated the Polish army near the capital. The occupiers still have last refuge- The Kremlin, which came under heavy siege. On October 26, 1612, the Polish garrison capitulated. The news of the liberation of Moscow inspired the whole country. Conditions were created for the restoration of state power in Russia. Grateful descendants unveiled a monument in the Russian capital. On its granite pedestal is inscribed in bronze letters: “To Citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky, grateful Russia, summer of 1818.” At the opening of the monument to V.G. Belinsky said: “Perhaps time will crush this bronze, but their sacred names will not disappear in the ocean of eternity... They will always ignite love for the Motherland in the hearts of their descendants. An enviable lot! Happy fate! This victory once again showed that in difficult times for the country, Russian people show especially vivid patriotic feelings and reveal their best qualities: selfless love for the Fatherland, the greatest valor and heroism, the ability to withstand the most difficult trials and defend one’s independence.
4. Battle of Poltava. In 1700 – 1721 Russia fought a difficult Northern War with Sweden for the return of ancestral Russian lands and access to the Baltic Sea. The Swedish king Charles XII had a first-class army and navy. He defeated the Polish-Saxon army and the Russian army (in the first years of the war), and planned to capture Smolensk and Moscow. In the spring of 1709, Charles XII launched a campaign against Moscow. In an effort to defeat the Russian army in a general battle, the leader of the Swedes decided to quickly capture Poltava, which was on the path of his army. The garrison of Poltava consisted of 4 thousand soldiers and 2.5 thousand armed citizens.
The defenders of Poltava repulsed all attempts by the Swedes to take the city by storm. Thus, they delayed the Swedish army for three months, giving the Russian troops the opportunity to prepare for a general battle. On June 27 (July 8), 1709, on the banks of the Vorskla River, near Poltava, Russian regiments dealt a crushing blow to the famous Swedish army. The enemy lost more than 9 thousand people killed, 19 thousand people captured, including all the generals. 137 banners and standards were captured. The Russians lost 1,345 killed and 3,290 wounded. Pursuing the defeated Swedish army, Menshikov's cavalry on the Dnieper near the village of Perevolochna forced another 15 thousand Swedes to capitulate. Charles XII, together with the Ukrainian traitor Mazepa and a small guard, fled to Turkey. The Swedes were expelled from Finland, Poland, and the Baltic states. The victory at Poltava predetermined the victorious outcome of the Northern War for Russia.
5. Gangut naval battle. The naval battle at Cape Gangut is a glorious page in the history of the Russian fleet. This was the first naval victory over the strongest Swedish fleet at that time, which had never known defeat until then. The Russian naval forces in the Baltic Sea consisted of galley and sailing fleets. Sailing ships could only sail under sails. Galleys - both with sails and oars. Swedish ships tried to block the Russian rowing fleet in the Gulf of Finland, which was preparing to conduct a landing operation on the Finnish coast. Taking advantage of the calm, which made the huge Swedish ships helpless, the galleys of the Russian fleet broke the blockade. The next day, August 9, 1714, off the western coast of the Gangut Peninsula (Finnish name - Hanko), Russian galleys discovered and surrounded the Swedish squadron, cutting it off from the main forces. A fierce battle broke out. The commander of the rowing fleet F. M. Apraksin noted: “It is truly impossible to describe the courage of the Russian troops...”. 10 Swedish ships were captured. The enemy lost 361 people killed and 350 wounded. 237 people were captured. Russian losses were 124 killed and 342 wounded. St. Petersburg solemnly welcomed the heroes of Gangut. Volleys of artillery salutes thundered over the city, thousands of residents of the capital filled the embankments of the Neva, along which victorious Russian ships with captured Swedish ships followed. Peter I, promoted to vice admiral, called the victory at Gangut “the second Poltava.”
6. Assault on Ishmael. Of particular importance during the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. had the capture of Izmail - the citadel of Turkish rule on the Danube. The fortress was built under the leadership of German and French engineers in accordance with the latest fortification requirements. From the south it was protected by the Danube, which is half a kilometer wide. A ditch was dug around the fortress walls, 12 m wide and 6-10 m deep, in some places there was water up to 2 m deep. Inside the city there were many stone buildings convenient for defense. The fortress garrison numbered 35 thousand people and 265 guns. In November 1790, Russian troops began the siege of Izmail. Two attempts to take the fortress ended in failure. And then the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, Field Marshal G.A. Potemkin entrusted the capture of the impregnable fortress to A.V. Suvorov. Intensified preparations for the assault began. In an effort to avoid bloodshed, Suvorov sent an ultimatum to the commandant of Izmail to surrender the fortress, to which the answer followed: “It is more likely that the sky will fall to the ground and the Danube will flow upward than Ishmael will surrender.” On December 24, 1790, Russian troops in nine columns from different directions moved to storm the fortress. The river flotilla approached the shore and, under the cover of artillery fire, landed troops. The skillful leadership of Suvorov and his comrades, the courage of soldiers and officers decided the success of the battle, which lasted 9 hours. The Turks defended stubbornly, but Ishmael was taken. The enemy lost 26 thousand killed and 9 thousand prisoners. 265 guns, 42 ships, 345 banners were captured. Suvorov indicated in his report the losses of the Russian army at 1,815 people killed and 2,455 wounded. It is noteworthy that Izmail was taken by an army that was inferior in number to the garrison of the fortress. The case is extremely rare in the history of military art. Catherine II ordered a medal to be knocked out in honor of A.V. Suvorov for the capture of Izmail and established an officer’s gold cross with the inscription “For excellent courage” to reward for feats accomplished during the assault on Izmail.
7. Sea battle at Tendra. In the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Russian ground forces were successfully assisted by the Black Sea Fleet under the command of Rear Admiral F.F. Ushakova. One of the most important events of this war was the victory of the Russian squadron over the Turks at Cape Tendra. On August 28 (September 8), 1790, Russian ships unexpectedly appeared in front of the enemy, who was at anchor. “The enemy fleet,” recorded in Ushakov’s flagship journal, “cutting off the anchors, being in disarray, set sail and ran to the Danube side.” On the move, without changing into battle formation, the Russian squadron attacked the Turkish fleet. The line of Turkish ships became disorganized, and they began to hastily leave for the Danube. Only the darkness of the night saved the Turkish squadron. The next day, Ushakov resumed the pursuit. The crews of the Black Sea ships showed great skill, boldly and decisively attacking the enemy, hitting him with well-aimed gunfire. Opening fire, Ushakov hurried to get closer to the enemy. The enemy ships were in confusion. As a result, 7 Turkish ships surrendered, the rest fled. The Turkish losses exceeded 2 thousand people, the Russians had 21 killed and 25 wounded. The brilliant victory of the Russian fleet ensured a breakthrough to Izmail for the Dnieper flotilla, which provided great assistance to the ground army in capturing the fortress. F.F. Ushakov in Russia was nicknamed “the Suvorov of the sea.”
8. Battle of Borodino. During the Patriotic War of 1812, under pressure from a numerically superior enemy, the Russian armies were forced to fight deeper into the country. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian armies M.I. Kutuzov decided to stop the advance of Napoleon’s army towards Moscow near the village of Borodino. Here, 120 km from the capital, it was decided to give a general battle. At roll call at the beginning of the battle, the French army numbered 135 thousand people with 587 guns. Russian troops - 125–130 thousand people, with 640 guns. Napoleon, having assessed the situation, decided to strike at the left flank of the combat formation of the Russian troops in order to press their troops to the Moscow River and destroy them. On August 26, after powerful artillery preparation, the French army attacked Bagration’s troops defending the Semyonov flushes. The positions were covered with piles of bloody bodies of Russian soldiers and the enemy. The mortally wounded Bagration was taken away from the battlefield. In the last, eighth attack, Napoleon threw 45 thousand people, supporting their efforts with the fire of 400 guns. By 12 noon, the flushes were captured by the enemy, but Russian troops did not allow a breakthrough on the left flank. It seemed that the French were close to victory. All that remained was to break the resistance in the center and capture the Kurgan Battery, which became known as the Raevsky Battery. But at a critical moment of the battle, Kutuzov sent the Cossacks on a roundabout raid. The raid by Uvarov and Platov delayed the decisive enemy attack for 2 hours, which allowed the Russian troops to regroup. It is possible that it was because of this raid that Napoleon did not dare to send his guard into battle. The cavalry sabotage, although it did not cause damage to the French, made Napoleon feel insecure about his own rear. Only after the situation was restored were attacks resumed on the center of the battle formation of the Russian troops, who fought bravely. TO
In the evening, Russian troops lost no more than 1.5 km to the enemy. Having retreated to a new position, they were again ready for battle. However, the French did not dare to continue the attacks, fearing that the Russian troops would take active action. “Of all my battles,” said Napoleon, “the most terrible is the one I fought near Moscow. The French showed themselves worthy of victory; Russians have acquired the right to be undefeated.”
9. Sinop sea battle. The naval battle of Sinop took place at the very beginning of the Crimean War. Starting in October 1853 between Russia and Turkey, it soon developed into an armed conflict between Russia and a strong coalition of Turkey, England, France and Sardinia. This was the last major battle of sailing ships and the first in which bomb guns (that is, fired explosive shells) were used. November 18 (30), 1853 squadron of Vice Admiral P.S. Nakhimova (6 battleships and 2 frigates) in Sinop Bay launched a preemptive strike against the enemy, unexpectedly attacking the Turkish fleet, which consisted of 16 ships. The flower of the Turkish fleet (7 frigates, 3 corvettes and 1 steamship) was burned, and coastal batteries were destroyed. The Turks lost about 4 thousand people killed and wounded. About 200 more were captured. Nakhimov's squadron did not lose a single ship. The brilliant victory of the Russian fleet deprived the Turks of dominance in the Black Sea and did not allow them to land troops on the coast of the Caucasus. In the Sinop battle, the effectiveness of the advanced system of training and education of Black Sea soldiers was clearly demonstrated. The high combat skill shown by the sailors was achieved through persistent study, training, campaigns, and mastery of all the intricacies of maritime affairs.
10. Day of Defenders of the Fatherland. After the victory of the socialist revolution in October 1917, simultaneously with the demobilization of the old army, projects for the construction of a new one were developed. On January 15, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a Decree on the creation of the Red Army, and on January 29, on the organization of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet. Work began throughout the country to create Red Army units. At the same time, the Soviet delegation negotiated with Germany, offering it to make peace without annexations and indemnities. But the goals of the German imperialists were far from peaceful. They demanded that a territory of over 150 thousand square meters go to Germany. km. Poland. The German imperialists wanted to turn Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia into dependent states. The Soviet government was forced to make huge territorial concessions. To wage war in the virtual absence of an army, in conditions of devastation in the country and with the reluctance of the masses to fight, meant destroying the Soviet Republic. February 23 In 1918, the appeal of the Council of People's Commissars of February 21, “The Socialist Fatherland is in Danger,” was published, as well as the “Appeal of the Military Commander-in-Chief” N. Krylenko which ended with the words: “<…>All to arms. Everything is in defense of the revolution.” Peace negotiations were interrupted. Taking advantage of this, the German command launched an offensive with large forces along the entire Russian-German front on February 18. Both old and young rose to defend the Fatherland. On February 22 and especially February 23, in Petrograd, Moscow, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and other cities, workers’ rallies took place with great enthusiasm, at which decisions were made to join the Red Army and partisan detachments. About 60 thousand people were mobilized to repel the enemy in the capital alone, of which about 20 thousand were immediately sent to the front. So February 23 began to be considered the birthday of the Red Army, and later – the Day of Defenders of the Fatherland.
11. Battle of Moscow. In terms of the number of troops, military equipment and weapons, the scope and intensity of hostilities, the Battle of Moscow in 1941-1942. was one of the largest in the history of the Second World War. It took place over an area of up to 1000 km along the front and up to 350-400 km in depth, which was equal in area to England, Ireland, Iceland, Belgium and Holland combined. For 203 days there were furious, fierce and bloody battles, in which over 7 million soldiers and officers, about 53 thousand guns and mortars, about 6.5 thousand tanks and assault guns, and more than 3 thousand combat aircraft fought on both sides. The Battle of Moscow was a decisive military event in the first year of the Great Patriotic War. Even in Directive No. 21, the Wehrmacht was tasked with reaching Moscow as quickly as possible. After the first successes, Hitler demanded from the command and troops “to occupy Moscow on August 15, and end the war with Russia on October 1.” However, Soviet troops stopped the enemy with active and decisive actions, inflicting heavy losses on him. By December 5, the German offensive was in crisis. Having suffered heavy losses and exhausted their material capabilities, the enemy began to go on the defensive. Together with
However, by the beginning of December, the Supreme Command Headquarters near Moscow had concentrated significant strategic reserves. On December 5–6, the troops of the Kalinin, Western and Southwestern Fronts launched a decisive counteroffensive. Despite the stubborn resistance of the enemy, severe frosts and deep snow cover, it developed successfully. By January 7, 1942, Soviet troops advanced 100–250 km westward. For valor and courage shown in fierce and bloody battles, 40 formations and units were awarded guards ranks, 36 thousand soldiers and officers were awarded orders and medals. The Battle of Moscow was the beginning of a radical turn in the Great Patriotic War.
12. Battle of Stalingrad. The Battle of Stalingrad began on July 17, 1942 and ended on February 2, 1943. Based on the nature of the fighting, it is divided into 2 periods: defensive, which lasted until November 19, 1942, and offensive, which ended with the defeat of the enemy’s largest strategic grouping between the Don and Volga rivers. The goal of the offensive of fascist troops in the summer of 1942 was to break through to the Volga and the oil-bearing regions of the Caucasus; capture Stalingrad - an important strategic and largest industrial point; cut communications connecting the center of the country with the Caucasus; take possession of the fertile regions of the Don, Kuban and lower Volga. On September 13, the enemy launched an assault on Stalingrad, intending to throw its defenders into the Volga with a powerful blow. Fierce fighting broke out, especially in the area of the station and for Mamayev Kurgan. The fight was for every street, every block, every large building. The intensity of the fighting is evidenced by the fact that the station changed hands 13 times over the course of two days. In mid-November, the Germans occupied most of the city, but their offensive capabilities were completely exhausted. On November 19, 1942, an avalanche of fire and metal fell on the enemy. Thus began a grandiose strategic offensive operation of the Red Army to encircle and destroy the enemy group at Stalingrad. On February 2, 1943, the surrounded fascist troops were completely defeated. The victory at Stalingrad marked a radical turning point in the Great Patriotic War and had a decisive influence on the further course of the entire Second World War.
13. Battle of Kursk. The Battle of Kursk occupies a special place in the Great Patriotic War. It lasted 50 days and nights, from July 5 to August 23, 1943. In its fierceness and tenacity of the struggle, it has no equal. The general plan of the German command was to encircle and destroy the troops of the Central and Voronezh fronts defending in the Kursk area. If successful, it was planned to expand the offensive front and regain the strategic initiative. To implement his plans, the enemy concentrated powerful strike forces, which numbered over 900 thousand people, about 10 thousand guns and mortars, up to 2,700 tanks and assault guns, and about 2,050 aircraft. Great hopes were placed on the latest Tiger and Panther tanks, Ferdinand assault guns, Focke-Wulf 190-A fighter planes and Heinkel 129 attack aircraft. The Soviet command decided to first bleed the enemy's strike forces in defensive battles and then launch a counteroffensive. The battle that began immediately took on a grand scale and was extremely tense. Our troops did not flinch. They faced avalanches of enemy tanks and infantry with unprecedented tenacity and courage. The advance of enemy strike forces was suspended. Only at the cost of huge losses did he manage to wedge into our defenses in some areas. On the Central Front - 10 - 12 km, on Voronezh - up to 35 km. The largest oncoming tank battle of the entire Second World War near Prokhorovka finally buried Hitler’s Operation Citadel. It happened on July 12. 1,200 tanks and self-propelled guns simultaneously participated in it on both sides. This battle was won by Soviet soldiers. The Nazis, having lost up to 400 tanks during the day of battle, were forced to abandon the offensive. On July 12, the second stage of the Battle of Kursk began - the counter-offensive of Soviet troops. On August 5, Soviet troops liberated the cities of Orel and Belgorod. On the evening of August 5, in honor of this major success, a victorious salute was given in Moscow for the first time in two years of war. From that time on, artillery salutes constantly announced the glorious victories of Soviet weapons. On August 23, Kharkov was liberated. Thus the Battle of the Kursk Arc of Fire ended victoriously. During it, 30 selected enemy divisions were defeated. Nazi troops lost about 500 thousand people, 1,500 tanks, 3,000 guns and 3,700 aircraft. For courage and heroism, over 100 thousand soldiers who took part in the Battle of the Arc of Fire were awarded orders and medals. The Battle of Kursk ended a radical turning point in the Great Patriotic War.
14. Heroic battle for Leningrad. From the first days of the war, one of the strategic directions, according to the plans of the Hitlerite command, was Leningrad. Leningrad was among the most important targets targeted for capture. The Battle of Leningrad, the longest during the entire Great Patriotic War, lasted from July 10, 1941 to August 9, 1944. During the 900-day defense of Leningrad, Soviet troops pinned down large forces of the German and the entire Finnish army. This undoubtedly contributed to the victories of the Red Army in other sectors of the Soviet-German front. Leningraders showed examples of perseverance, endurance and patriotism. During the blockade, about 1 million inhabitants died, including more than 600 thousand from hunger. During the war, Hitler repeatedly demanded that the city be razed to the ground and its population completely destroyed. However, neither shelling and bombing, nor hunger and cold broke its defenders. Already in July - September 1941, 10 divisions of the people's militia were formed in the city. Despite the difficult conditions, the industry of Leningrad did not stop its work. Assistance to the blockade survivors was carried out on the ice of Lake Ladoga. This transport route was called the “Road of Life”. On January 12 – 30, 1943, an operation was carried out to break the blockade of Leningrad (“Iskra”). It was a turning point in the battle for Leningrad. The entire southern coast of Lake Ladoga was cleared of the enemy, and the initiative to conduct military operations in this direction passed to the Red Army. During the Leningrad-Novgorod strategic offensive operation from January 14 to March 1, 1944, Army Group North was severely defeated. On January 27, 1944, Leningraders celebrated the lifting of the blockade. In the evening there was a 324-gun salute. As a result of powerful attacks, almost the entire Leningrad region and part of the Kalinin region were liberated, and Soviet troops entered Estonia. Favorable conditions have developed for the defeat of the enemy in the Baltic states.
15. Victory Day. For 1418 days and nights, the Soviet people waged a bloody war against the fascist aggressors and crushed them. The people defended the freedom and independence of their Fatherland and saved world civilization from fascist enslavement. Great Patriotic War was an integral part and main content of the entire Second World War, in the orbit of which more than 60 states were involved. The fighting took place over vast areas of Europe, Asia and Africa, in sea and ocean spaces. The German-Italian-Japanese fascist bloc, expanding its aggression, persistently strove to gain world domination. On the way to this goal, the Soviet Union stood as an insurmountable obstacle. The fate of the entire Second World War was decided on the Soviet-German front - it was the main front of the fight against fascism. The USSR took upon itself and bore the brunt of the fight against the aggressor to the end. It was our country and its Armed Forces that played a decisive role in the victorious outcome of the Second World War. Initially, fascist German troops managed to seize the strategic initiative. They desperately rushed to the vital centers of the Soviet Union. But the delusional plans for a lightning war were not destined to come true. The final blows were delivered by the Soviet Armed Forces in 1945 in East Prussia, western Poland and Czechoslovakia. The grandiose Berlin strategic offensive operation, carried out from April 16 to May 8, 1945, allowed the capital of Germany, Berlin, to be taken by storm. Developing a further offensive, Soviet troops reached the Elbe River, where they linked up with American and British troops. With the fall of Berlin and the loss of vital areas, Germany lost the opportunity to resist. On May 8, 1945, Nazi Germany unconditionally surrendered. And on September 2, 1945, militaristic Japan also laid down its arms. May 9 is the brightest holiday of the entire Russian people, the unfading day of our unfading military glory.
Bibliography
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